Manwong et al. 0% of college students were identified as highly at risk of Internet addiction [ 15 ]. In Thailand, internet addiction has been investigated in both college and clinical settings, and 24. For mild GHB addiction, outpatient treatment is an option, allowing individuals to maintain their daily obligations. Internet addiction is the most modern form of addiction and belongs to behavioral addictions. By acknowledging that a change is needed, it means that you recognize that there is a problem and have a desire to. 5. INTRODUCTION. They are moderately interested in apps and have an average age of 26. Clients learn how to manage their addiction through phases of active, dangerous, and recovery zones. This is not just the case with substances, like drugs or alcohol, but extends to different behaviours, like gambling, eating or internet abuse. The Centre for Addiction Studies (CADS) was established in August 2019 after long attempts to build a focal point for academic research activities for addiction researchers throughout Thailand. Therefore, a nationwide study should be conducted to confirm the problem of internet gaming disorder in Thailand. Request PDF | Validation of Thai Smartphone Addiction Scale-short version for school students between 10 to 18 years | Background: With the dramatic increase in the number of smartphone users. Internet addiction disorder is a new development in the world of addiction. Here, we present a cross-sectional prospective study focusing on the. Skip to content TH: +66 20 385 469 Toll Free USA/CAN: 1 888 806 6776 Toll Free UK: 0 808 189 0393 Toll Free AUS: 1 800 251 994 HK: +852 3008 5841 SG: +65 3158 7621Reach out to us today by calling us on: +66 644 922208 or by filling out the form below. Staying online longer than planned or losing track of time when online. 9% among Thai students and 12% among Japanese students. In Thailand and worldwide, smartphone addiction among university students is a growing concern. The process of Internet addiction as an emerging risk in the Chinese context can be a showcase for risks related to information and communication technologies (ICTs), health, and everyday life. 35, No 1, 157–171, 2020Medical tourism, dental tourism, surgery tourism, and rehab tourism exists in the 21st Century. Disturbances in sleep. Objective The aim was to assess the reliability and validity of a Thai version internet addiction test. Internet addiction (IA) is not a diagnosable disorder as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) — not yet, at least — but compulsive behavior centered on one's. Kimberly Young, the first psychologist to document internet addiction, these disorders are similar to impulse-control disorders. Help can be found at The Cabin Chiang Mai. Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. The prevalence of smartphone addiction was 35. This has led to the emergence of a health complaint known as Internet. Despite many researchers defending the hypothesis that the excessive use of the internet and social networks as Facebook can cause addiction, the concept is still controversial [ 5, 12, 17, 23, 26, 27] and the DSM-5 [ 21] did not include them as addiction disorders. A total score of five or greater derived from the Thai version of Young Diagnostic Questionnaire for Internet Addiction was classified as “possible IA”. Australia:+61 2 7908 2277. The Internet Addiction Test 7 Introduction The Internet Addiction Test (IAT; Young, 1998) was developed to measure the presence and severity of Internet and technology dependency among adults. Similarly, researchers studying ADHD plus IAD have found the severity of ADHD symptoms links to the risk for, and severity, of internet addiction. We take a highly personalised approach to treatment. Stopping the automatic behavior. OTHER COUNTRIES: +66 60 003 5316. A study published last May by Carphone Warehouse found that almost half of all kids ages 14-15 admitted being addicted to the Internet. A three-factor model showed the best fit with the data for the whole sample, whereas the hypothesized six-factor model, as well as a unidimensional model of the internet addiction test, failed to. All 39 patients showed improved anxiety and internet addiction scores reduced on average. Leading Drug and Alcohol Rehab Thailand & Mental Health Retreat Center. There are many studies, which have shown that Internet addiction is a condition associated with psychiatric disorders, such as affective. This type of addiction is associated with many health risks such as physical health issues, sleep disturbances, risk of addiction transfer, mental health disorders, cyberbullying and online harassment, cognitive problems, financial problems, social consequences. , use of public or semi-public profiles) Gaming (e. However, at this time the true nature of Internet Addiction is not yet determined. 8% in. This effect raises the chance of an addiction forming. Overcome your Cocaine addiction in Thailand. Once they go online. By tapping into those same reward centres, someone addicted to the internet will experience intense pleasure when taking part in the. Sexting is the practice of sending or receiving sexual text messages. US CALLERS: +1 844 216 6043. Greenfield / Oakland, CA: New Harbinger, 1999. Prior research explores the addictive qualities sustaining drug and alcohol abuse, pathological gambling, and even video game addiction; however, given. Thai students were more likely to have smartphone addiction than Japanese students (AOR 2. Sex is a biological, evolutionary, and instinctual drive. The process of Internet addiction as an emerging risk in the Chinese context can be a showcase for risks related to information and communication technologies (ICTs), health, and everyday life. Internet addiction is a broad term that can indicate a range of problematic behaviors and impulses, according to Natalie Hoeg in her 2023 article “Internet Addiction,” published by AddictionCenter. Out of that time, an average of five hours and 28 minutes is on a phone. Group sessions. Most are depressed and sleep deprived. The Residence, Sober House, Resort 12 (offering treatment for LGBT individuals), The Cabin Chiang Mai, and The Edge are Thailand-located addiction treatment centres. Out of total 344 students who provided their complete response, 164 (47. Thailand stands behind these and other addiction rehab centres and believes that they will make an undeniable difference. Constantly check the latest crypto updates and prices. The Internet provides access to the world and has changed people’s habits while becoming a major part of daily life []. 1 hours per day – the highest of any country in Asia. Surveys in the United States and Europe have indicated alarming prevalence rates between 1. Results from this study can be used to help educational agencies and mental health organizations create policies and design programs that will. Signs and Symptoms of Excessive Internet Use. Sign In. 92; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1. , diminished control over the behavior. 47 million Thai people are now regular Internet users in Thailand with an average usage of 5 hours and 13 minutes every day. These include heartburn, lack of energy, nausea, vomiting, and an upset stomach. Often spending more time using the internet than planned. Internet addiction treatment aims to create boundaries and balance around Internet use rather than eliminating it entirely. CALL US NOW. 56 (13. Asia Paci c Journal of Educators and Education, Vol. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20 (25) (2014), pp. That means that we attentive and observant to your individual needs. The South American country with a population of 210m, according to Worldometer, provides the highest number of free Wi-Fi locations at over half a million (559,490) – 40,000 more. The Cabin is a high end rehab centre in Thailand. Total scores grater than 30 were considered. Currently, gaming has become a pervasive part of the lives of Thai youth. Internet addiction: A systematic review of epidemiological research for the last decade. Technology addiction can be defined as frequent and obsessive technology-related behavior increasingly practiced despite negative consequences to the user of the technology. This is where life-changing transformations happen. Several databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Central were searched and a total of 24 studies were included in this study. New research identifies online users who became hooked on chat rooms, interactive games, and even eBay only to see their lives become increasingly unmanageable because of the Internet. Many people – both researchers and those affected by internet addiction – describe an experience similar to drug use disorders, which the DSM-5 characterizes by “impaired control, physical. CALL US NOW. Substance addiction is treated with detox followed by counseling. US CALLERS: +1 844 216 6043. , list in appendix section, or. Individual and group therapy can also give you a tremendous boost in controlling your technology use. US CALLERS: +1 844 216 6043. +66 2-460-9350. Contact us for a free consultation. The articles were screened by two researchers in multiple levels in terms of. Yes, The Land Down Under is also besieged at present with a drug crisis of epidemic proportions, particularly when it comes to crystal meth addiction. 0% had depression. One of the pioneers. When considering geographical measures, the central region. Affordable high-quality Western-trained psychotherapy. To determine the prevalence ofFacebook (FB) addiction and its related factors among Thai high school students. People with depression or anxiety are likely to become socially distant and isolated, making the internet their only social outlet. 2% in Greece 12 to 17–26. From 705 participants, 24. Methods: A cross-sectional study was. These tips can help you take. Typically, a peer support group for clients with Internet addiction is designed to help group members to recognize their own strengths and establish a positive self-image, to experience how to honestly face themselves and other people so as to establish friendships with others, and to establish mutual respect, support, and caring. Getting enough exercise is has many benefits. Internet Use and Mental Health. 9%) stay for 1-4 hours and a third (35. 9%). Rehab for Sex addiction in Thailand. Clinically reviewed on 09-19-2023 Internet addiction (IA), also known as internet addiction disorder (IAD), refers to a condition where individuals develop. A digital detox involves temporarily abstaining from using devices, like computers and smartphones. At The Cabin Chiang Mai, we offer a 3-day family treatment programme to support those affected by addiction. We take a highly personalised approach to treatment. 95], depressive (aOR 3. Sex addiction can be described as sexual behavior or drive that is intensive, out of control, and persisting in that pattern despite the knowledge of the negative consequences and risk of harm to one’s emotional and/or physical health. 89. 2% (104/303) for entertainment. Borrow money and sell stuff to support crypto trading. We take a highly personalised approach to treatment. Its extensive attention to dealing with adolescents is essential, given the rapid rise in media. Your ideal day may look something like a day of meaningful activities and then giving. A nationwide cross-sectional school. ฯr call us directly on 1 800 251 994, to start your journey to recovery now. A Google has studied the digital market in Southeast Asia and found 47 million Thai people used the internet. Contact the best alcohol rehab in Sydney today to have a no obligation assessment and see how we can help you. The population share with internet access in Thailand was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2028 by in total 8. on internet addiction, accounting for 11. Internet addiction is treated in a few ways: Talk therapy is almost always incorporated into the treatment of Internet addiction. Measuring internet addiction. 800. 3% in Turkey 10 to 12. How to start: Track your moods. Constantly thinking about online gambling, bets, or moves to make. A bio-psycho-social perspective can provide a. This is reflected in the fact that the phenomenon has been most studied in Asia, whereby South Korea currently appears to be the worst affected country, [11,50] followed. Kimberly Young, who founded The Center for Internet Addiction in 1995, developed a specialized form of cognitive behavioral therapy to treat Internet addiction, CBT-IA. An obsession with any of these services can be harmful to one’s ability to form real-world sexual, romantic, or intimate relationships. DARA Rehab has been changing lives for more than 10 years and has been trusted by international clients around the world. 1-on-1 Counseling. 18 hours ago · Thanksgiving stabbing incident sends one person to the hospital with life threatening injuries; Two local organizations host annual Thanksgiving feastIn Hong Kong, using Young's 20-item questionnaire to examine Internet addiction among youth, 61. Internet addiction has not yet been understood very well, and research on its etiology and natural history is still in its infancy[]. See full list on thecabinchiangmai. Treatment for smartphone and internet addiction. Alcohol Detox Thailand: Start Your Sobriety Safely and Comfortably. At The Diamond Rehab Thailand, each client receives a personalized treatment plan in a serene, luxurious environment. $3,900. Because internet use is a relatively recent phenomenon compared with most other activities known to be habit-forming, and because its potential to result in addiction has only been. Excessive computer use becomes problematic when it interferes with one’s relationships, work, or school. Call us now : +66 20 385 469. Internet addiction is a particular concern among parents, who worry about the harmful effects of screen time and often argue about device use with their children. CALL US NOW. Simply talking to someone can. Internet addiction disorder (IAD) can otherwise be referred to as problematic internet use or pathological internet use. Data from the National Statistics Office 1 indicated that the average computer and Internet usage in Thailand was 3. For instance, the prevalence of IA among adolescents ranged from 1. The first Drug and Alcohol Recovery Center in Asia with world-class care and treatment. CALL US NOW. Someone may go on a digital detox in order to re-engage with a passion or activity, focus more. UK CALLERS: +44 8082 737552. Such groups exist to help people create and foster positive connections and help each other through the withdrawal period and beyond. [] Uncontrolled use of the internet significantly affects not only individuals' quality of life and social functioning but impacts. This similarity has. Psychometric properties of a thai version internet addiction test. The age groups most active online were 15- to 24-year-olds (51. Talk with Thailand's leading rehab program for help with internet addiction. In this clincial study, patients with internet addiction and either panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder received medication for their anxiety and 10 sessions of modified CBT. 6% to 67. Several behaviors, besides psychoactive substance ingestion, produce short-term reward that may engender persistent behavior despite knowledge of adverse consequences, i. g. CALL US NOW. 5% of Americans are internet users. You can call the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 24/7 hotline at 800-662-HELP (4357) or visit the website. Once you know the specific answers you'll use the Internet as a tool instead of a crutch for as pixelement said "You keep coming back to the internet because it fills a void in your life. This builds a relationship and trust between you and the other person. The IAT: Thai version [18] has been extenively tested for its psychometric properties; with 20 items to be rated ranging from 1 (rarely) to 5 (always). If you have news and you know you could see a friend later in the day, resist texting or posting. UK CALLERS: +44 8082 737552. 0% (95% confidence interval: 14. 5. Professional help can help overcome internet addiction by addressing any underlying issues that may contribute to internet addiction, such as depression,. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Korean adolescents’ Internet usage time and their mental health. Thamkrabok: A Buddhist monastery located 140 kilometers (86 miles) north of Bangkok, Thamkrabok specializes in treating drug addiction. The main types of addiction include: Physical addiction: addiction to addictive substances such as nicotine, cocaine, alcohol, opioids, etc. Our rehab in Chiang Mai is nestled on the banks of the Ping River in idyllic Northern Thailand. Excessive use of the internet is known to negatively impact a person’s mental health. Instructions For Taking The Internet Addiction Test Online. The Dawn Wellness Centre and Rehab Thailand offers highly personalised treatment for addiction and mental health issues. Some of its long-term effects include type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, stroke, sleep apnea, reduced sex drive, and heart disease. (2018) intervention study in a community sample of Thai high school students used an 8-week. This service provides. 583, p <0. 3. Objective: To study the extent of Internet addiction (IA) and its association with depression in Thai medical students. Introduction. The signs and symptoms of online gambling addiction are listed below: Obsessing over online gambling. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] 75. Twelve-step programs and. Drug Rehab Thailand - Detox & Drug Addiction Treatment Thailand. 1% in Italy 11 using the Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT) , from 15. More than 85% of our long-term guests remain in full & active recovery. If it does, this is about tracking your moods. Abstract. We believe in healing the whole person. Answers to these questions can help us build a clearer understanding of how SMA was explained, identify theoretical gaps, and explore opportunities for future investigations. Not surprisingly, research has also found that ADHD meds can help with ADHD+IAD treatment. We provide all-inclusive luxury rehab in Thailand, giving you a comfortable environment and allowing you to focus on every aspect of your health and well-being during your stay at our treatment facility. Participants were first- to fifth-year medical students who agreed to participate in this study. 2%. 1%) and played internet games (22. Aims and objectives: Present study has looked in to pattern and prevalence of internet addiction. Research published in 2012, for. Get effective treatment for internet addiction at The Cabin, Sydney. Social media addiction has been an ongoing topic of debate for platform developers, well-being and mental health experts. 21% to 9. Long-term effects: Overconsumption of chocolate may lead to long-term health risks, including acid reflux, heartburn, fast heartbeat, and sleep problems. Introduction: Internet addiction is an increasingly worrying phenomena affecting people globally especially the youths. People with addictions and other mental health conditions tend to show signs that. Our brains haven’t changed much over the centuries. Tools were selected for inclusion if they met the following criteria: (1) peer-reviewed and published in English language; (2) accessibility of all test items and response categories (e. Someone may go on a digital detox in order to re-engage with a passion or activity, focus more. From our friendly support staff, 24-hour nurses, Chef's, personal trainers. For help, Wang Yiming went to China's first internet clinic, a low-rise, anonymous building in central Beijing. OTHER COUNTRIES: +66 60 003 5316. For example, television addiction is a passive technological addiction, whereas. Depression and insomnia has been linked with internet addiction and overuse in several studies. Contact us for personal treatment. Conceptualized around 1996, a few years after the inception of the World Wide Web, Internet addiction has developed into a global issue influencing varying segments of the population at different levels. With over 746 million people hooked to the internet, it is clear that technology addiction is a major issue in the country. Purchasing. Same with alcohol, or gambling, or shopping, or weed. UK CALLERS: +44 8082 737552. +66 2-460-9350. For this reason, it has received global attention. Thailand Promotes And Encourages Drug Rehab. April Srivikorn, acting manager of Google Thailand, said Google, Temasek and Bain & Company found in their joint study that the value of digital economy in Southeast Asia exceeded US$100 billion. The Diamond Rehab Thailand was born out of a desire to help people recover from addiction in a safe, low-stress environment. These three tips may help you support a loved one dealing with an internet addiction: 1. It resembles a small village, with golden-roofed temples and. According to the Pew Research Center, 93 percent of adults in the United States use the Internet. The idea behind it is simple. The symptoms of gaming addiction include preoccupation with game-playing, increased irritability when unable to play a game, extreme tiredness due to lack of sleep, spending increasing amounts of time playing games, and isolation from family and friends. But the offering is still thin. UK CALLERS: +44 8082 737552. Contact the center for more detailed information. 9%) were found to had a moderate addiction level (score 50–79) and 7 (2. The well-known issue at the heart of this chapter is related to addiction in the context of excessive or problematic internet use (PIU), also termed ‘internet addiction’ (IA) (Griffiths 1996; Young 1996 ), which refers to detrimental use of the internet with negative consequences to the users (see Sect. The global average was almost seven hours per day. 001). The free service gives you access to staff who are trained in suicide prevention, though you don’t have to be suicidal to benefit from the hotline. The modified questionnaires in our. CALL US NOW. The term Internet addiction was first coined in the Western context and has since been recognized as a technology-driven social problem in China. For instance, information can be available through an EU webpage with public resources (e. The simple random sampling. To wrap up the project, invite students to share what they learned about Internet addiction. Get A Free Consultation. Investigating Internet Addiction OVERVIEW In the past 15 years, digital media technologies have transformed the world and the ways that. Instead, addictions can be a result of a combination of biological, psychological and social factors that impact an individual’s behaviour. 09) So et al. It involves online pornography, adult websites, sexual fantasy/adult chat rooms, and XXX webcam services. At The Dawn’s drug rehab center Thailand, we understand how hard it can be to stop amphetamine abuse. We will work with you to uncover the root causes of your addiction, identify your triggers, practise healthy coping tools, and put your feet steadily on the road to lifetime recovery. Relationships, work, or schooling are affected by internet use. Morphine tablet is used to relieve short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) moderate to severe pain. 6 % of boys were categorized as Internet addicts. Undergo computer gaming addiction treatment at our rehab center, and you’ll learn ways to make positive and lasting changes to your life. Internet addiction (IA) among adolescents is an issue of growing concern with adverse effects on adolescents’ health and social functioning. Various types of therapies are involved in the treatment of internet addiction which can be similarly applied to address social media addiction such as Facebook addiction. Contact us for personal treatment. A report by an analyst group called DataReportal found that in. While we need technology to survive in a modern social world, a severe overreliance on. 16. 8255), or text "MHA" to 741741 to receive text-based crisis help. A cybersex addiction is one of the more self-explanatory internet addictions. Let’s examine some of the many possible reasons, remembering that there is no single explanation for all men. 2013 to complete a set of questionnaires, including a 26. UK CALLERS: +44 8082 737552. All 15 patients when I visited were young men - the main social group affected by this problem - and they all told a similar story of how their addiction to the net destroyed their lives. You guessed right, Thais are more internet-addicted than the average person around the world. CALL US NOW. US CALLERS: +1 844 216 6043. People struggling with mental illnesses or addictions often require professional help and support. In the Central and Northeast, the population of poor increased by over half a million in each region from 2015 to 2018. Results Cronbach’s alpha for the Thai version of the internet addiction test was 0. The popularity of gaming has greatly increased, especially among children and adolescents. As a growing cultural and clinical phenomenon, Internet Addiction is viewed as a new clinical disorder requiring assessment and treatment. Carpal. The findings revealed a pooled prevalence rate of 20. It is. Substance addiction: compulsive use of substances such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, opioids, and other substances. RehabPath strives for price transparency so you can make an informed decision. The term “cybersex” also refers to various kinds of sexually explicit content available online that can easily be accessed nowadays. Its characteristics comprises of four features: 1) excessive use, often related with a loss of sense of time; 2) withdrawal,. Nestled in the mountains of tropical Phuket, Thailand with expansive ocean views, we have created a luxurious healing sanctuary that promotes positive change. Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is the compulsive and problematic use of the internet, resulting in significant functional impairment in several life domains. and Internet Addiction:. This is due to it not appearing in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders volume five (DSM-5) as a viable addiction disorder, gambling addiction being the only. 1. This cross-sectional study included 29,811. you can turn to a helpline or hotline for crisis counseling support. Internet addiction (IA), also known as internet dependency or problematic internet use, is the individual’s excessive and compulsive reliance on the internet to the point where it impacts daily life, including academic performance. Abstract. The Diamond Rehab Thailand was born out of a desire to help people recover from addiction in a safe, low-stress environment. A report by an analyst group called DataReportal found that in 2021, Thais spent an average of nine hours and six minutes a day on the internet. They don't actually have a lot to do with the thing you're addicted to - most people have no trouble with internet addiction, they just use it as much as they want to and otherwise get on with their lives. Internet addiction and social isolation: definition, causes, relationship and preventive measures - The Diamond Rehab Thailand Internet addiction (IA) refers to. 2012 to Jul. It is found to associate with various risky behaviors and psychological symptoms. People who use drugs in Thailand are receiving more help to reduce the harm caused by their habit thanks to a change in formerly punitive drug laws and support from the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). We exist to help everyone in Thailand. Europe:+31 20 532 2548. UK CALLERS: +44 8082 737552. If you are struggling with Internet addiction, exercise will also serve as a good alternative use of your time. Internet addiction treatment; Crypto addiction treatment; Traumatic reenactment. . 1. Experimenters (21. It can manifest as an uncontrollable impulse to be online, causing a decline in academic responsibilities and. +66 2-460-9350. 1. The modified questionnaires. Thailand:+66 2 460 9350. (2013), to evaluate participants' PSU in a recent period. Behavioral addictions operate on a modified principle of the classic addiction model. Thailand's Battle to Save its Kids From Online Gaming Addiction. Choosing the right internet addiction rehab can be challenging. Learn how we can help you or your loved ones. 7 % of girls and 4. The prevalence of Internet addiction (IA) and its correlates among Hong Kong adolescents and local prevention programs for adolescents’ IA were reviewed and analyzed, with a view to identifying service gaps and making suggestions on ways forward. The cost listed here is an estimate of the cash pay price. Holina Rehab, It’s time to get back to yourself. The average American stares at a screen. Methods A total of 283 participants were recruited from Dec. 62 (14. Spending increasing amounts of time on the internet to gain satisfaction (gaming/social media). Internet addiction is characterized by excessive preoccupations, urges, or behaviors regarding Internet use resulting in impairment or distress. Lanna Rehab, providing drug rehab and addiction center, offering comprehensive treatment with Western trained counsellors and 5-weeks fully inclusive program. The Korean Government was the first in the world to develop a national policy to tackle the problem of Internet addiction. In a true addiction, a person becomes compulsively dependent upon a particular kind of stimulation to the point where. The extended-release capsule and extended-release tablet are used to treat pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and when other pain medicines did not work well enough or cannot be. Both. 6. For a more drastic option, you could cancel your home internet access. Our outpatient treatment centre is conveniently located in Central, and scheduling is designed to accommodate your busy schedule. Our rehab in Chiang Mai is nestled on the banks of the Ping River in idyllic Northern Thailand. addiction internet use and internet addiction were prevalent among adolescents in China, and that the use of illegal substances wasIn a study with a sample of 7,292 adolescents from Finland, it was reported that 1. Studies from substance abuse research have shown that untreated ADHD poses an elevated risk for addiction. The Dawn offers drug, alcohol & behavioural addiction treatment at our rehab centre in Thailand. For some pull of the computer goes up and down, stronger on some days than others. Our 85% success rate for long term clients will change your life. However, the use of the term ‘addiction’ has been considered controversial, with debate surfacing as to whether IA merits classification as a psychiatric disorder as its. Like I said, I used to be addicted about 5 years ago, and now am a productive member of society. Regular exercise can help keep you healthy, boost your mood, make you more self-confident, sleep better, and much more. 2. , online dating, chat rooms) Social media (e.